Articles in the media about Tom Ray's research

New York Times (Malcolm Browne, USA) August 27, 1991: ``Lively Computer
Creation Blurs Definition of Life.  Software forms, obeying Darwin's rules,
vie to avoid the `reaper'.''

Nature (John Maynard Smith, UK) February 27, 1992: ``Byte-sized evolution.
...we badly need a comparative biology.  So far, we have been able to study
only one evolving system and we cannot wait for interstellar flight to
provide us with a second.  If we want to discover generalizations about
evolving systems, we will have to look at artificial ones.  Ray's study is a
good start.''

Science (Mitchell Waldrop, USA) August 21, 1992: ``Artificial Life's Rich
Harvest, Startlingly realistic simulations of organisms, ecosystems, and
evolution are unfolding on computer screens as researchers try to recreate
the dynamics of living things.''

Science (Faye Flam, USA) May 20, 1994: ``Ecologist plans to let cyberlife
run wild in internet reserve.''

Wired (Gordy Slack, USA) August 1994: ``Revolution in A-Life Evolution''.

The Daily Telegraph (Roger Highfield, UK) June 14, 1993: ``Life, but not
as we know it.  An American academic has developed a computer program
that successfully simulates Darwinian evolution, natural selection and
all.''

Whole Earth Review (Steven Levy, USA) Fall 1992: ``Artificial Life, The
Quest for a New Creation.''  Reprinted from a book of the same name published
by Pantheon Books.

Science News (John Travis, USA) August 10, 1991: ``Digital Darwinism:
Electronic Ecosystem.  Evolving `life' flourishes and surprises in a
novel electronic world''.

Nature (Laurence Hurst & Richard Dawkins, UK) May 21, 1992:
``Life in a test tube.''

Scientific American (Elizabeth Corcoran, USA) October 1992: ``The Edge of
Chaos, Complexity is a metaphor at the Santa Fe Institute.''

Scientific American (John Rennie, USA) January 1992: ``Cybernetic Parasites...
Tierra... has been hailed as the most sophisticated artificial-life program
yet developed...''

New Scientist (Roger Lewin, UK) February 22, 1992: ``Life and death in a
digital world.  No one can turn back the evolutionary clock, but we can
follow the fate of a rich menagerie of artificial organisms as they evolve
in a model world.''

New Scientist (Roger Lewin, Melanie Mitchell, Jacqueline McGlade, UK)
February 13, 1993: ``Complexity, New Scientist Supplement.  Order
for free (Standing at the edge of chaos).  Alternate ecologies.
Imitation of life.''

The Economist (Anon, UK) May 14, 1994: ``Netlife''.

The Economist (Anon, UK) December 19, 1992: ``Bugs in the program...
the use of computers to create new forms of `life'.''

The Economist (Anon, UK) January 4, 1992: ``The meaning of `life'.
In order to understand the origin of life, scientists are switching from the
chemistry set to the computer.  In the process, they are beginning to
understand what it means to be alive.''

U.S. News & World Report (Karen F. Schmidt, US) May 3, 1993: ``Computing
the primordial ooze.  Scientists are modeling the origins of life.''

Maclean's (Mark Nichols, Canada) June 7, 1993: ``Compelling signs of
artificial life.  Digital `creatures' that clone themselves may
really be alive.''

Release 1.0 (Esther Dyson, US) April 28, 1992: ``Artificial Worlds: A
Field Scientist in Tierra Cognita.''

Computer Graphics World (Diana Phillips Mahoney, US) July 1993:
``That's Life.''

Computer Graphics World (Diana Phillips Mahoney, US) February 1993:
``Artificial Life, organisms and systems created in the computer
exhibit behaviors characteristic of natural evoltuion.''

PC Magazine (Michael J. Miller, US) May 25, 1993: ``It's Alive!  Lots
of computer users give funny names to their computers.  But did you
ever stop to think that your computer programs might actually be alive?''

Focus (John Browning, UK) March 1993: ``It's life, but not as we know it...
How close is technology to creating artificial life.''

Guardian (Jocelyn Paine, UK) January 9, 1992: ``Unravelling the loop in the
primordial soup.  Tierran machine code is so adaptable it survives.  Jocelyn
Paine charts the evolution of artificial life within the computer.''

The Chronicle of Higher Education (David Wilson, USA) December 4, 1991:
``Approaching Artificial Life on a Computer.  Survival-of-the-fittest
electronic organisms dramatically illustrate Darwinian principles.''

Computerworld (Michael Alexander, USA) September 30, 1991: ``Tierra adds to
evolutionary studies.  A computerized world created on an IBM PC could
have real-world benefits for scientists.''

Technology Review (Susan Scheck, USA) April 14, 1991: ``Is It Live Or Is
It Memory?''

Associated Press (Theresa Humphrey, USA) October 1991: ``Bringing life to
computer.  U of D biologist's program is self-replicating, shows evolution.''

CBI News (Katsunori Shimohara, Japan) Vol. 14 No. 1, 1994:
``Artificial Life.''

CX-PAL Sony Semiconductor News (Anon, Japan) Vol. 19, 1994:
``Artificial Life.''

Scientific American - Japanese edition (Katsunori Shimohara, Japan)
October 1993: ``Ultimate autonomy, artificial life.''

Monthly Journal of Science, Kagaku Asahi (Tatsuo Unemi, Japan),
November 1993: ``Reproduction logic of computer viruses.''

Asahi Personal Computing (Katsura Hattori, Japan) September 15, 1992:
``Clockwork cells.''

Science Journal Kagaku (Roger Lewin, Japan) March 1992: ``Artificial life.''

InterCommunication (Sakura Osamu, Japan) Autumn 1992: ``The organism
as an information system.''

Semanario Universidad (Eduardo Ramirez F., Costa Rica) June 16, 1993:
``Un creador de vida en computadoras.''

Esta Semana (G. Aburto and J. C. Cruz, Costa Rica) May 18--24, 1993:
``Un programa de computadora devela los misterios del origen de
la vida y la evoluci'on.''

Actuel (Ariel Kyrou, France) April 1992: ``Visite Guidee Aux Extremes De
La Science: La Vie Artificielle.  Etes-vous pr\^{e}ts \`{a} entrer dans
l'univers vertigineux de la vie artificielle?  Un champ scientifique tout neuf
sur lequel se penchent les grosses t\^{e}tes et les Nobel de labos
am\'{e}ricains.''

Courrier International (Der Spiegel, France) August 19, 1993: ``La vie
artificielle, ou les `adventistes du Huiti\`{e}me Jour'.''

Helsingin Sanomat (Timo Paukku, Finland) March 27, 1993:
``Tekoel\"{a}m\"{a}n evoluutio etenee sekunneissa.  Voidaanko uusia
lajeja tuotta my\"{o}s s\"{a}hk\"{o}ll\"{a} ja piisiruilla?
Pikaevoluutio synnytti tuhansia lajeja, loisia ja seksin.''

Mikrobitti (Pekka Tolonen, Finland) November 1991: ``Olemmeko humanoiden
biologinen koe?  Tierra simuloi el\"{a}m\"{a}\"{a}.''

Scienza & Vita (Nives Cappelli, Italy) November 1993: ``Organismi
elettronici.''

Europeo (Giovanni Caprara, Italy) September 1991: ``Anche il computer ha
fatto un figlio.  Un biologo americano ha creato un software capace di
elaborare programmi che si evolvono da soli.''

GenteMoney (Riccardo Orizio, Italy) November 1991: ``Cos\`{\i} ho dato
la vita al software.''

Sueddeutsche Zeitung (Wolfgang Blum, Germany) December ?, 1992:
``Evolution im Zeitraffer, Ein Computermodell untersucht die
Vielfalt der Arten.''

Sueddeutsche Zeitung (Konrad Peters, Germany) October 21, 1991:
``Die Evolution im Computer.  `K\"{u}nstliches Leben' hilft Biologen und
Informatikern auf die Spr\"{u}nge.''

Super Interessante (Anon, Brazil) November 1991: ``A vida dentro do
computador.''

Corriere Della Sera (Giovanni Capara, Italy) August 28, 1991: ``Pronto in
USA il programma che si riproduce.  Il computer `padre' crea vita
informatica.''

Fakta (Tom Ottmar, Norway) March 1992: ``Den Lever!  En `skabning', der
best\aa r af nuller og \'{e}nere, er vokset ud af indamaden p\aa \ en
computer og er blevet en videnskabelig sensation i USA.''

Hovedomr\aa det (Jakob Skipper, Denmark) December 6, 1990: ``Kunstigt liv.
Nu kommer det kunstige liv.  En voksende gruppe af dataloger, biologer,
fysikere, psykologer og mange andre forskere efterlinger p\aa \ computer
det naturlige liv.''
