INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NNAAMMEE IINNSSTTAALLLL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/ofppc. CCOONNTTEENNTTSS About this Document What is NetBSD? Changes Between The NetBSD 9 and 10 Releases Features to be removed in a later release The NetBSD Foundation Sources of NetBSD NetBSD 10.2 Release Contents NetBSD/ofppc subdirectory structure Binary distribution sets NetBSD/ofppc System Requirements and Supported Devices Supported OpenFirmware based systems Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Preparing your System for NetBSD installation Installing the NetBSD System Running the sysinst installation program Introduction Possible hardware problems General Quick install Booting NetBSD Network configuration Installation drive selection and parameters Selecting which sets to install Partitioning the disk Preparing your hard disk Getting the distribution sets Installation from CD-ROM Installation using FTP Installation using NFS Installation from an unmounted file system Installation from a local directory Extracting the distribution sets Configure additional items Finalizing your installation Post installation steps Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Using online NetBSD documentation Administrivia Thanks go to Legal Mumbo-Jumbo The End DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN AAbboouutt tthhiiss DDooccuummeenntt This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 10.2 on the _o_f_p_p_c platform. It is available in four different formats titled _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._e_x_t, where _._e_x_t is one of _._p_s, _._h_t_m_l, _._m_o_r_e, or _._t_x_t: _._p_s PostScript. _._h_t_m_l Standard Internet HTML. _._m_o_r_e The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager util- ity programs. This is the format in which the on-line _m_a_n pages are generally presented. _._t_x_t Plain old ASCII. You are reading the _m_o_r_e version. WWhhaatt iiss NNeettBBSSDD?? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional open- source operating system derived from the University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on many different different system architectures (ports) across a variety of distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 10.2 release contains complete binary releases for most of these system architectures, with preliminary support for the others included in source form. For more informa- tion please visit hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//. NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD fea- tures a complete set of user utilities, compilers for sev- eral languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet commu- nity. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, NetBSD would not exist. CChhaannggeess BBeettwweeeenn TThhee NNeettBBSSDD 99 aanndd 1100 RReelleeaasseess The NetBSD 10.2 release provides many significant changes, including support for many new devices, hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and numerous user- land enhancements. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. One important new feature in this release is the support for extended attributes and access control lists on FFS file systems. For new installations the installer will by default disable these features, so the file system is compatible with older NetBSD releases (before 10), and allow other operating sys- tems to mount this file systems at least in read-only mode. If you want a new installed file system to support extended attributes, change the file system type from ``FFSv2'' to ``FFSv2ea'' in the partitioning menu. You can also convert file systems later, using the fsck_ffs(8) utility. More details are available in _t_h_i_s _g_u_i_d_e_: hhttttppss::////wwiikkii..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//ttuuttoorriiaallss//aaccllss__aanndd__eexxtteennddeedd__aattttrriibbuutteess__oonn__ffffss. If you are upgrading from a version of NetBSD -current please also check the _C_o_m_p_a_t_i_b_i_l_i_t_y _I_s_s_u_e_s _W_i_t_h _P_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _N_e_t_B_S_D _R_e_l_e_a_s_e_s. It is impossible to completely summarize the massive development that went into the NetBSD 10.2 release. The complete list of changes can be found in _C_H_A_N_G_E_S_: hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--1100..22//CCHHAANNGGEESS _C_H_A_N_G_E_S_-_1_0_._1_: hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--1100..22//CCHHAANNGGEESS--1100..11 _C_H_A_N_G_E_S_-_1_0_._2_: hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--1100..22//CCHHAANNGGEESS--1100..22 which are also present in the top level directory of the NetBSD 10.2 release tree. FFeeaattuurreess ttoo bbee rreemmoovveedd iinn aa llaatteerr rreelleeaassee The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the future: ++oo groff(1). Man pages are now handled with mandoc(1), and groff(1) can still be found in pkgsrc as _t_e_x_t_p_r_o_c_/_g_r_o_f_f. ++oo pf(4). This packet filter is obsolete and unmain- tained in NetBSD. It will be eventually removed due to possible long-standing security issues and lack of multiprocessor support. New installations should use npf(7). TThhee NNeettBBSSDD FFoouunnddaattiioonn The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corporation that devotes itself to the traditional goals and spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trade- mark of the word ``NetBSD''. It supports the design, devel- opment, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide. More information on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ffoouunnddaattiioonn// SSoouurrcceess ooff NNeettBBSSDD Refer to _m_i_r_r_o_r_s_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmiirrrroorrss// NNeettBBSSDD 1100..22 RReelleeaassee CCoonntteennttss The root directory of the NetBSD 10.2 release is organized as follows: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_1_0_._2_/ CHANGES Changes between the 9.0 and 10.0 releases. CHANGES-10.0 Changes between the initial 10.0 branch and final release of 10.0. CHANGES-10.1 Changes between the 10.0 and the 10.1 release. CHANGES-10.2 Changes between the 10.1 and the 10.2 release. CHANGES.prev Changes in previous NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes and notes about the release. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. _i_m_a_g_e_s_/ Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for installing NetBSD. Depending on your system, these may be bootable. _s_o_u_r_c_e_/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architec- tures for which NetBSD 10.2 has a binary distribution. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the _s_o_u_r_c_e subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source dis- tribution sets are as follows: ggnnuussrrcc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. sshhaarreessrrcc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associ- ated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. ssrrcc This set contains all of the base NetBSD 10.2 sources which are not in ggnnuussrrcc, sshhaarreessrrcc, or ssyyssssrrcc. ssyyssssrrcc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 10.2 kernel for all architectures as well as the config(1) utility. xxssrrcc This set contains the sources to the X Window Sys- tem. All the above source sets are located in the _s_o_u_r_c_e_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the ppkkggssrrcc set, which is traditionally unpacked into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c, all sets may be unpacked into _/_u_s_r_/_s_r_c with the command: # ccdd // ;; ttaarr --zzxxppff sseett__nnaammee..ttggzz In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: MD5 MD5 digests in the format produced by the com- mand: cckkssuumm --aa MMDD55 _f_i_l_e. SHA512 SHA512 digests in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --aa SSHHAA551122 _f_i_l_e. The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a wider range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release files. _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_o_f_p_p_c _s_u_b_d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y _s_t_r_u_c_t_u_r_e The ofppc-specific portion of the NetBSD 10.2 release is found in the _o_f_p_p_c subdirectory of the distribution: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_1_0_._2_/_o_f_p_p_c_/. It contains the following files and directories: _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._h_t_m_l _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._p_s _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._t_x_t _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._m_o_r_e Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The _._m_o_r_e file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. _b_i_n_a_r_y_/ _k_e_r_n_e_l_/ _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for every- thing supported in this release. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._g_z A gzipped kernel for installing or upgrading NetBSD on your hardware. _s_e_t_s_/ ofppc binary distribution sets; see below. _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/ _n_e_t_b_o_o_t_/ _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for every- thing supported in this release. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._g_z A gzipped kernel for installing or upgrading NetBSD on your hardware. _o_f_w_b_o_o_t A bootloader, which can start a kernel from your root partition, supporting MBR and RDB partition lay- outs. _B_i_n_a_r_y _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s The NetBSD ofppc binary distribution sets con- tain the binaries which comprise the NetBSD 10.2 release for ofppc. The binary distribu- tion sets can be found in the _o_f_p_p_c_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the NetBSD 10.2 distribution tree, and are as follows: bbaassee The NetBSD 10.2 ofppc bbaassee binary distribution. You _m_u_s_t install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are neces- sary for the system to run and be minimally functional. ccoommpp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (_/_u_s_r_/_i_n_c_l_u_d_e) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the bbaassee set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. ddeebbuugg This distribution set contains debug information for all base system util- ities. It is useful when reporting issues with binaries or during devel- opment. This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it. eettcc This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in _/_e_t_c and in several other places. This set _m_u_s_t be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should _n_o_t be used if you are upgrading. ggaammeess This set includes the games and their manual pages. kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC This set contains a NetBSD/ofppc 10.2 GENERIC kernel, named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. You _m_u_s_t install this distribution set. mmaann This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the bbaassee set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. mmiisscc This set includes the system dictio- naries, the typesettable document set, and other files from _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e. mmoodduulleess This set includes kernel modules to add functionality to a running sys- tem. rreessccuuee This set includes the statically linked emergency recovery binaries installed in _/_r_e_s_c_u_e. tteexxtt This set includes NetBSD's text pro- cessing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their man- ual pages. NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on X.Org. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xxbbaassee The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. xxccoommpp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. xxddeebbuugg This distribution set contains debug information for all X11 binaries. It is useful when reporting issues with these binaries or during development. This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it. xxffoonntt Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients. xxeettcc Configuration files for X which could be locally modified. xxsseerrvveerr The X server. The ofppc binary distribution sets are dis- tributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension ..ttggzz, e.g. _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted _b_e_l_o_w _t_h_e _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y. There- fore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the ttaarr --xxzzppff com- mand from the root directory ( _/ ) of your system. _N_o_t_e_: Each directory in the ofppc binary dis- tribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does. NNeettBBSSDD//ooffppppcc SSyysstteemm RReeqquuiirreemmeennttss aanndd SSuuppppoorrtteedd DDeevviicceess NetBSD/ofppc is a port to OpenFirmware and CHRP based PowerPC machines. _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _O_p_e_n_F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _b_a_s_e_d _s_y_s_t_e_m_s ++oo _G_e_n_e_s_i _/ _b_p_l_a_n _G_m_b_H Pegasos II ++oo _I_B_M 7044 Model 270 ++oo _I_B_M 7046 Model B50 GGeettttiinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm oonn ttoo UUsseeffuull MMeeddiiaa Installation is supported from several media types, including: ++oo CD-ROM / DVD / USB stick ++oo FTP ++oo Remote NFS partition ++oo Tape ++oo Existing NetBSD partitions, if per- forming an upgrade The steps necessary to prepare the distribu- tion sets for installation depend upon which installation medium you choose. The steps for the various media are outlined below. _C_D_-_R_O_M _/ _D_V_D _/ _U_S_B _s_t_i_c_k Find out where the distribution set files are on the CD- ROM, DVD or USB stick. Likely loca- tions are _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s and _o_f_p_p_c_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s. (You only need to know this if you are mixing installer and installation media from different ver- sions - the installer will know the proper default location for the sets it comes with). Proceed to the instructions on installation. _F_T_P The preparations for this installa- tion/upgrade method are easy; all you need to do is make sure that there's an FTP site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution when you're about to install or upgrade. If you don't have DHCP available on your network, you will need to know the numeric IP address of that site, and, if it's not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router clos- est to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. Once you have this information, you can proceed to the next step in the instal- lation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on pre- paring your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installa- tion, go directly to the section on upgrading. _N_F_S Place the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install into a directory on an NFS server, and make that directory mountable by the machine on which you are installing or upgrading NetBSD. This will probably require modifying the _/_e_t_c_/_e_x_p_o_r_t_s file on the NFS server and resetting its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will probably require superuser privileges on the server.) You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS server, and, if you don't have DHCP available on your network and the server is not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router clos- est to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the information men- tioned above, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installa- tion, go directly to the section on upgrading. _T_a_p_e To install NetBSD from a tape, you need to make a tape that contains the distribution set files, in `tar' for- mat. If you're making the tape on a UNIX-like system, the easiest way to do so is probably something like: # ttaarr --ccff _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e _d_i_s_t___s_e_t_s where _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e is the name of the tape device that repre- sents the tape drive you're using. This might be _/_d_e_v_/_r_s_t_0, or something simi- lar, but it will vary from system to system. In the above example, _d_i_s_t___s_e_t_s is a list of filenames corre- sponding to the dis- tribution sets that you wish to place on the tape. For instance, to put the kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC,, bbaassee,, and eettcc distribu- tions on tape (the absolute minimum required for instal- lation), you would do the following: # ccdd ......//NNeettBBSSDD--1100..22 # ccdd ooffppppcc//bbiinnaarryy # ttaarr --ccff _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC..ttggzz bbaassee..ttggzz eettcc..ttggzz _N_o_t_e_: You still need to fill in _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e in the example. Once you have the files on the tape, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installa- tion, go directly to the section on upgrading. PPrreeppaarriinngg yyoouurr SSyysstteemm ffoorr NNeettBBSSDD iinnssttaallllaattiioonn NetBSD/ofppc can be installed on hard disks with the standard MBR partition layout or with the AmigaOS/MorphOS specific RDB partition layout. When choosing RDB partitions, for example because you want to run MorphOS on a Pegasos II in parallel with NetBSD, then you have to prepare your NetBSD partitions using the MorphOS HDConfig tool. You can skip the rest of this section when you want to use MBR partitioning. You will have to create an RDB partition for each NetBSD partition, NetBSD/ofppc will use. Change the partition parameters by selecting _E_d_i_t _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n and change the following set- tings: 1. Set all reserved block to zero. 2. Set the partition status to _d_i_s_a_b_l_e_d so it won't appear under MorphOS. 3. Select _C_u_s_t_o_m Filesystem and change the ID to _0_x_4_e_4_2_5_2_0_7 for the root partition, to _0_x_4_e_4_2_5_3_0_1 for the swap partition and to _0_x_4_e_4_2_5_5_0_7 for all the other user par- titions you need. IInnssttaalllliinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm To install NetBSD/ofppc you will either have to boot _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L from a CD-ROM or set up an NFS or TFTP server to boot it over the net- work. _R_u_n_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _s_y_s_i_n_s_t _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _p_r_o_g_r_a_m 1. _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n Using ssyyssiinnsstt, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy process. Still, you should read this document and have it available during the installation process. This document tries to be a good guide to the installation, and as such, covers many details for the sake of completeness. Do not let this discourage you; the install program is not hard to use. 2. _P_o_s_s_i_b_l_e _h_a_r_d_w_a_r_e _p_r_o_b_l_e_m_s Should you encounter hardware problems during installation, try rebooting after unplugging removable devices you don't need for installation. Non-removable devices can be disabled with uusseerrccoonnff (use bboooott --cc to enter it). 3. _G_e_n_e_r_a_l The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while installing NetBSD on your hard disk. ssyyssiinnsstt is a menu-driven program that guides you through the installation process. Some- times questions will be asked, and in many cases the default answer will be displayed in brackets (``[ ]'') after the question. If you wish to stop the installation, you may press CONTROL-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation process again from scratch by running the _/_s_y_s_i_n_s_t program from the command prompt. It is not nec- essary to reboot. 4. _Q_u_i_c_k _i_n_s_t_a_l_l First, let's describe a quick install. The other sections of this document go into the installation procedure in more detail, but you may find that you do not need this. If you want detailed instruc- tions, skip to the next section. This section describes a basic installation, using a CD / DVD as the install medium. ++oo What you need. -- The distribution sets (in this example, they are on the CD or DVD). -- One 1.44 MB 3.5" floppy. -- A minimum of of memory installed. -- An optical drive. -- A hard drive with at least 600 MB of free space for a complete base install, not including room for swap. If you wish to install the X Window System as well, you will need at least 225 MB more. ++oo The Quick Installation -- Insert the first boot floppy you just created and boot the com- puter. After language selection, the main menu will be displayed. .***********************************************. * NetBSD-10.2 Install System * * * *>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk * * b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk * * c: Re-install sets or install additional sets * * d: Reboot the computer * * e: Utility menu * * f: Config menu * * x: Exit Install System * .***********************************************. -- If you wish, you can configure some network settings immediately by choosing the UUttiilliittyy mmeennuu and then CCoonnffiigguurree nneettwwoorrkk. It isn't actually required at this point, but it may be more convenient. Go back to the main menu. -- Choose IInnssttaallll. -- You will be guided through the setup of your disk. -- You will be asked to choose which distribution sets to install. -- When prompted, choose CCDD--RROOMM as the install medium if booted from CD-ROM. The default values for the path and device should be OK. -- After the installation process has completed, you will be brought back to the main menu, where you should select RReebboooott, after you have removed the boot- floppy from the drive. -- NetBSD will now boot. If you didn't set a password for the root user when prompted by ssyyssiinnsstt, logging in as root and setting a password should be your first task. You are also advised to read afterboot(8). 5. _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D Boot your machine. The boot loader will start, which will print a countdown and begin booting. If the boot loader messages do not appear in a reasonable amount of time, you either have a bad boot floppy or a hard- ware problem. Try writing the install floppy image to a different disk, and using that. It will take a while to load the kernel from the floppy, probably around a minute or so; then the kernel boot messages will be displayed. This may take a little while also, as NetBSD will be probing your system to discover which hardware devices are installed. The most impor- tant thing to know is that wd0 is NetBSD's name for your first SATA/PATA disk, wd1 the second, etc. sd0 is your first SCSI disk, sd1 the second, etc. Note that once the system has finished booting, you need not leave the floppy in the disk drive. Once NetBSD has booted and printed all the boot messages, you will be presented with a welcome message and a main menu. It will also include instructions for using the menus. 6. _N_e_t_w_o_r_k _c_o_n_f_i_g_u_r_a_t_i_o_n If you do not intend to use networking during the installation, but you do want your machine to be configured for net- working once the system is installed, you should first go to the UUttiilliittyy mmeennuu and select the CCoonnffiigguurree nneettwwoorrkk option. If you only want to temporarily use network- ing during the installation, you can specify these parameters later. If you are not using the Domain Name System (DNS), you can give an empty response when asked to provide a server. 7. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _d_r_i_v_e _s_e_l_e_c_t_i_o_n _a_n_d _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r_s To start the installation, select IInnssttaallll NNeettBBSSDD ttoo hhaarrdd ddiisskk from the main menu. The first thing is to identify the disk on which you want to install NetBSD. ssyyssiinnsstt will report a list of disks it finds and ask you for your selection. You should see disk names like sd0 or sd1. 8. _S_e_l_e_c_t_i_n_g _w_h_i_c_h _s_e_t_s _t_o _i_n_s_t_a_l_l The next step is to choose which distri- bution sets you wish to install. Options are provided for full, minimal, and cus- tom installations. If you choose sets on your own, bbaassee, eettcc, and a kernel must be selected. 9. _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_k ++oo Choosing which portion of the disk to use. You will be asked if you want to use the entire disk or only part of the disk. If you decide to use the entire disk for NetBSD, ssyyssiinnsstt will check for the presence of other oper- ating systems and you will be asked to confirm that you want to overwrite these. 10. _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _d_i_s_k_l_a_b_e_l The partition table of the NetBSD part of a disk is called a _d_i_s_k_l_a_b_e_l. If your disk already has a disklabel written to it, you can choose UUssee eexxiissttiinngg ppaarrttiittiioonn ssiizzeess. Otherwise, select SSeett ssiizzeess ooff NNeettBBSSDD ppaarrttiittiioonnss. After you have chosen your partitions and their sizes (or if you opted to use the existing partitions), you will be pre- sented with the layout of the NetBSD disklabel and given one more chance to change it. For each partition, you can set the type, offset and size, block and fragment size, and the mount point. The type that NetBSD uses for normal file storage is called 44..22BBSSDD. A swap parti- tion has a special type called sswwaapp. Some partitions in the disklabel have a fixed purpose. a Root partition (_/) b Swap partition. c The entire disk. d-p Available for other use. Traditionally, d is the partition mounted on _/_u_s_r, but this is historical practice and not a fixed value. You will then be asked to name your disk's disklabel. The default response will be OK for most purposes. If you choose to name it something different, make sure the name is a single word and contains no special characters. You don't need to remember this name. 11. _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_i_s_k _Y_o_u _a_r_e _n_o_w _a_t _t_h_e _p_o_i_n_t _o_f _n_o _r_e_t_u_r_n. Nothing has been written to your disk yet, but if you confirm that you want to install NetBSD, your hard drive will be modified. If you are sure you want to proceed, select yyeess. The install program will now label your disk and create the file systems you specified. The file systems will be ini- tialized to contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files. You will see messages on your screen from the various NetBSD disk preparation tools that are running. There should be no errors in this section of the installa- tion. If there are, restart from the beginning of the installation process. Otherwise, you can continue the installa- tion program after pressing the return key. 12. _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of _s_e_t_s that come in the form of gzipped tar files. At this point, you will be presented with a menu which enables you to choose from one of the following methods of installing the sets. Some of these methods will first transfer the sets to your hard disk, others will extract the sets directly. For all these methods, the first step is to make the sets available for extrac- tion. The sets can be made available in a few different ways. The following sec- tions describe each of the methods. After reading about the method you will be using, you can continue to the section labeled `Extracting the distribution sets'. 13. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _C_D_-_R_O_M When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to specify the device name for your CD-ROM drive (usually cd0) and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the distribution files are. ssyyssiinnsstt will then check that the files are actually present in the specified location and proceed to the extraction of the sets. 14. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _u_s_i_n_g _F_T_P To install using FTP, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. ssyyssiinnsstt will help you with this, asking if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, the directory on that host, the account name and password used to log into that host using FTP, and optionally a proxy server to use. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the FTP server. ssyyssiinnsstt will then transfer the set files from the remote site to your hard disk. 15. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _u_s_i_n_g _N_F_S To install using NFS, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. ssyyssiinnsstt will do this for you, asking you if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from and the directory on that host that the files are in. This directory should be mountable by the machine you are installing on, i.e., correctly exported to your machine. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the NFS server. 16. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _a_n _u_n_m_o_u_n_t_e_d _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m In order to install from a local file system, you will need to specify the device that the file system resides on (for example wd1e), the type of the file system, and the directory on the speci- fied file system where the sets are located. ssyyssiinnsstt will then check if it can indeed access the sets at that loca- tion. 17. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _a _l_o_c_a_l _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y This option assumes that you have already done some preparation yourself. The sets should be located in a directory on a file system that is already accessible. ssyyssiinnsstt will ask you for the name of this directory. 18. _E_x_t_r_a_c_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s A progress bar will be displayed while the distribution sets are being extracted. After all the files have been extracted, the device node files will be created. If you have already configured network- ing, you will be asked if you want to use this configuration for normal operation. If so, these values will be installed in the network configuration files. 19. _C_o_n_f_i_g_u_r_e _a_d_d_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _i_t_e_m_s The next menu will allow you to select a number of additional items to configure, including the time zone that you're in, to make sure your clock has the right offset from UTC, the root user's shell, and the initial root password. You can also enable installation of binary packages, which installs the pkgin(1) tool for managing binary pack- ages for third-party software. This will feel familiar to users of package tools such as aapptt--ggeett or yyuumm. If you prefer to install third-party software from source, you can install the pkgsrc(7) tree. Finally, you can enable some daemons such as sshd(8), ntpd(8), or mdnsd(8). 20. _F_i_n_a_l_i_z_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 10.2. You can now reboot the machine and boot NetBSD from hard disk. PPoosstt iinnssttaallllaattiioonn sstteeppss Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state. The most important steps are described below. 1. Before all else, read postinstall(8). 2. Configuring _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f (ssyyssiinnsstt normally will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (_/) mounted read-only. When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a _/_b_i_n_/_s_h prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vvtt222200 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^hh'' # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^??'' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the _/_e_t_c directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with: # //ssbbiinn//mmoouunntt --uu --ww // Change to the _/_e_t_c directory and take a look at the _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can proceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in _/_e_t_c_/_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, where some in-line documentation may be found. More com- plete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). When you have finished editing _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, type eexxiitt at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot. Other values that may need to be set in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f for a networked environment are _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e and possibly _d_e_f_a_u_l_t_r_o_u_t_e. You may also need to add an _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g___i_n_t for your network interface, along the lines of ifconfig_le0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have _m_y_n_a_m_e_._m_y_._d_o_m in _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s: ifconfig_le0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f file or (if you are feeling a little more adventurous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more information. Instead of manually configuring network- ing, DHCP can be used by setting dhcpcd=YES in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f. 3. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. If you didn't set a password in ssyyssiinnsstt, there is no initial password. You should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good pass- words. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root. 4. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system. Do not edit _/_e_t_c_/_p_a_s_s_w_d directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the pass- word database. 5. The X Window System If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the chapter about X in the _N_e_t_B_S_D _G_u_i_d_e_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//gguuiiddee//eenn//cchhaapp--xx..hhttmmll: 6. Installing third-party packages If you wish to install any of the soft- ware freely available for UNIX-like sys- tems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system, pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD. This includes the retrieval and installation of any other packages the software may depend upon. ++oo More information on the package sys- tem is available at hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//ssooffttwwaarree//ppaacckkaaggeess..hhttmmll ++oo A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ccuurrrreenntt//ppkkggssrrcc//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll ++oo Precompiled binaries can be found at hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppaacckkaaggeess//NNeettBBSSDD// usually in the _o_f_p_p_c_/_1_0_._2_/_A_l_l subdir. If you installed pkgin(1) in the ssyyssiinnsstt post-installation configura- tion menu, you can use it to automat- ically install binary packages over the network. Assuming that _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_/_e_t_c_/_p_k_g_i_n_/_r_e_p_o_s_i_t_o_r_i_e_s_._c_o_n_f is correctly configured, you can install them with the following com- mands: ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll ttccsshh bbaasshh ppeerrll aappaacchhee xxffccee44 ffiirreeffooxx ... The above command will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, Xfce desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on. If it was not automatically installed, pkgin(1) can be installed on a fresh NetBSD system with pkg_add(1): eexxppoorrtt PPKKGG__PPAATTHH==hhttttppss::////ccddnn..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppaacckkaaggeess//NNeettBBSSDD//$$((uunnaammee --pp))//$$((uunnaammee --rr | ccuutt --dd__ --ff11))//AAllll ppkkgg__aadddd ppkkggiinn ++oo If you wish to use the pkgsrc(7) framework for compiling packages and did not install it from the sysinst(8) post-installation configu- ration menu, you can obtain it by retrieving the file hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ssttaabbllee//ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz. It is typically extracted into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c (though other locations work fine) with the commands: # ccdd //uussrr # ttaarr --zzxxppff ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz After extracting, see the _d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t file in the extraction directory (e.g., _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_/_d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t) for more information. 7. Misc ++oo Edit _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_/_a_l_i_a_s_e_s to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) after- wards. ++oo Edit _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._l_o_c_a_l to run any local daemons you use. ++oo Many of the _/_e_t_c files are documented in section 5 of the manual; so just invoking # mmaann 55 _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is likely to give you more informa- tion on these files. UUppggrraaddiinngg aa pprreevviioouussllyy--iinnssttaalllleedd NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm The easiest way to upgrade to NetBSD 10.2 is with binaries, and that is the method docu- mented here. To do the upgrade, you must have one form of boot media available. You must also have at least the bbaassee and kkeerrnn binary distribution sets available. Finally, you must have suffi- cient disk space available to install the new binaries. Since files already installed on the system are overwritten in place, you only need additional free space for files which weren't previously installed or to account for growth of the sets between releases. Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, boot blocks, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to _b_a_c_k _u_p any important data on the NetBSD partition or on another operating system's partition on your disk before beginning the upgrade process. The upgrade procedure is similar to an instal- lation, but without the hard disk partition- ing. Fetching the binary sets is done in the same manner as the installation procedure; refer to the installation part of the document for help. File systems are checked before unpack- ing the sets. After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your machine is a complete NetBSD 10.2 system. However, that doesn't mean that you're finished with the upgrade process. You will probably want to update the set of device nodes you have in _/_d_e_v. If you've changed the contents of _/_d_e_v by hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not, you can just cd into _/_d_e_v, and run the command: # sshh MMAAKKEEDDEEVV aallll ssyyssiinnsstt will attempt to merge the settings stored in your _/_e_t_c directory with the new version of NetBSD using the postinstall(8) utility. However, postinstall(8) is only able to deal with changes that are easily auto- mated. It is recommended that you use the etcupdate(8) tool to merge any remaining con- figuration changes. CCoommppaattiibbiilliittyy IIssssuueess WWiitthh PPrreevviioouuss NNeettBBSSDD RReelleeaasseess Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrad- ing to NetBSD 10.2. Note that ssyyssiinnsstt will automatically invoke postinstall fix and thus all issues that are fixed by ppoossttiinnssttaallll by default will be handled. In NetBSD 9 and earlier, filesystems listed in _/_e_t_c_/_f_s_t_a_b would be mounted before non-legacy zzffss filesystems. Starting from NetBSD 10 this order has been reversed. If you have ever run a version of NetBSD -current between April 18, 2020 and September 23, 2022 (the version numbers used in the affected time range are between 9.99.56 and 9.99.106) your FFS file systems might have broken extended attributes stored. You should follow this _g_u_i_d_e_: hhttttppss::////wwiikkii..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//ffeeaattuurreess//UUFFSS22eeaa// before booting the updated system multi-user for the first time. _N_o_t_e _t_h_a_t _y_o_u _d_o _n_o_t _n_e_e_d _t_o _d_o _a_n_y_t_h_i_n_g _s_p_e_c_i_a_l _i_f _y_o_u _n_e_v_e_r _d_i_d _r_u_n _a_n_y _a_f_f_e_c_t_e_d _k_e_r_n_e_l_, especially if you have never run NetBSD -current. The display drivers used for modern GPUs and the whole subsystem supporting it (DRM/KMS) have been updated to a newer version. Unfor- tunately not all issues with this have been resolved before the NetBSD 10.0 release. You can find a list of issues in the _O_p_e_n _i_s_s_u_e_s _w_i_t_h _n_e_w _D_R_M_/_K_M_S_: hhttttppss::////wwiikkii..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//rreelleenngg//nneettbbssdd--1100// section of the release engineering wiki page. A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 10.2 release. See the ``Components removed from NetBSD'' section near the begin- ning of this document for a list. UUssiinngg oonnlliinnee NNeettBBSSDD ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn Documentation is available if you installed the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are ++oo intro(1), ++oo man(1), ++oo apropos(1), ++oo passwd(1), and ++oo passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into sev- eral categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The _m_a_n command is used to view the documenta- tion on a topic, and is started by entering mmaann [_s_e_c_t_i_o_n] _t_o_p_i_c. The brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after logging in, enter # mmaann ppaasssswwdd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter # mmaann 55 ppaasssswwdd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter # aapprrooppooss _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d where _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. AAddmmiinniissttrriivviiaa If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at _m_a_j_o_r_d_o_m_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. See hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss// for details. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and questions about this release. Please send comments to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_c_o_m_m_e_n_t_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web interface at hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//sseenndd--pprr..hhttmmll There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss// If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with NetBSD, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_u_s_e_r_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge docu- ments or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it. If you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. TThhaannkkss ggoo ttoo ++oo The former members of UCB's Computer Sys- tems Research Group, including (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement. ++oo The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers. ++oo The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. ++oo The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting the build cluster. ++oo The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. ++oo Without CVS, this project would be impos- sible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. ++oo We list the individuals and organizations that have made donations or loans of hard- ware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddoonnaattiioonnss// (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.) ++oo Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!) LLeeggaall MMuummbboo--JJuummbboo All product names mentioned herein are trade- marks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document: NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contribu- tors. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project. See https://www.NetBSD.org/ for information about NetBSD. This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com) This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@mincom.oz.au) This product includes software designed by William Allen Simpson. This product includes software developed at Ludd, University of Luleoa. This product includes software developed at Ludd, University of Luleoa, Sweden and its con- tributors. This product includes software developed at the Information Technology Division, US Naval Research Laboratory. This product includes software developed by Aaron Brown and Harvard University. This product includes software developed by Adam Ciarcinski for the NetBSD project. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles M. Hannum. This product includes software developed by Alex Zepeda. This product includes software developed by Alex Zepeda, and Colin Wood for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Allen Briggs. This product includes software developed by Amancio Hasty and Roger Hardiman This product includes software developed by Ben Gray. This product includes software developed by Berkeley Software Design, Inc. This product includes software developed by Bill Paul. This product includes software developed by Bodo Moeller. This product includes software developed by Boris Popov. This product includes software developed by Brini. This product includes software developed by Bruce M. Simpson. This product includes software developed by Causality Limited. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum. This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum. This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum, by the University of Ver- mont and State Agricultural College and Gar- rett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contrib- utors. This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps. This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps, Ezra Story, Kari Mettinen, Markus Wild, Lutz Vieweg and Michael Teske. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Chuck Silvers. This product includes software developed by Cisco Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed by Colin Wood. This product includes software developed by Colin Wood for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Computing Services at Carnegie Mellon Univer- sity (http://www.cmu.edu/computing/). This product includes software developed by Daan Vreeken. This product includes software developed by Daishi Kato This product includes software developed by Daniel Widenfalk and Michael L. Hitch. This product includes software developed by Daniel Widenfalk for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by David Jones and Gordon Ross This product includes software developed by David Miller. This product includes software developed by Dean Huxley. This product includes software developed by Emmanuel Dreyfus This product includes software developed by Eric S. Hvozda. This product includes software developed by Eric S. Raymond This product includes software developed by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com) This product includes software developed by Eric Young (eay@mincom.oz.au) This product includes software developed by Ezra Story. This product includes software developed by Ezra Story and by Kari Mettinen. This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Mettinen and by Bernd Ernesti. This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Mettinen, and Michael Teske. This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Mettinen, Michael Teske and by Bernd Ernesti. This product includes software developed by Frank van der Linden for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Gardner Buchanan. This product includes software developed by Garrett D'Amore. This product includes software developed by Gary Thomas. This product includes software developed by Gordon Ross This product includes software developed by Harvard University. This product includes software developed by Harvard University and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Hellmuth Michaelis and Joerg Wunsch This product includes software developed by Henrik Vestergaard Draboel. This product includes software developed by Herb Peyerl. This product includes software developed by Hidetoshi Shimokawa. This product includes software developed by Hubert Feyrer for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall. This product includes software developed by Intel Corporation and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Internet Initiative Japan Inc. This product includes software developed by Internet Research Institute, Inc. This product includes software developed by James R. Maynard III. This product includes software developed by Jared D. McNeill. This product includes software developed by Jason L. Wright This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe for And Communications, http://www.and.com/ This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-Baltes. This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for The NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Joerg Wunsch This product includes software developed by John Birrell. This product includes software developed by John P. Wittkoski. This product includes software developed by John Polstra. This product includes software developed by Jonathan R. Stone for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone and Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Julian Highfield. This product includes software developed by K. Kobayashi This product includes software developed by K. Kobayashi and H. Shimokawa This product includes software developed by Kazuhisa Shimizu. This product includes software developed by Kazuki Sakamoto. This product includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey. This product includes software developed by Kiyoshi Ikehara. This product includes software developed by Klaus Burkert,by Bernd Ernesti, by Michael van Elst, and by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Kyma Systems. This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman and Waldi Ravens. This product includes software developed by Lloyd Parkes. This product includes software developed by Lutz Vieweg. This product includes software developed by Marc Horowitz. This product includes software developed by Marcus Comstedt. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Mark Tinguely and Jim Lowe This product includes software developed by Markus Wild. This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Midden. This product includes software developed by Masanobu Saitoh. This product includes software developed by Masaru Oki. This product includes software developed by Matt DeBergalis This product includes software developed by Matthew Fredette. This product includes software developed by Michael Smith. This product includes software developed by Microsoft This product includes software developed by Mika Kortelainen This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard. This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard and contributors. This product includes software developed by Minoura Makoto. This product includes software developed by MINOURA Makoto, Takuya Harakawa. This product includes software developed by Niels Provos. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist, Brandon Creighton and Job de Haas. This product includes software developed by Paolo Abeni. This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg. This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras. This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras . This product includes software developed by Pedro Roque Marques This product includes software developed by Per Fogelstrom. This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy. This product includes software developed by Phase One, Inc. This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson. This product includes software developed by QUALCOMM Incorporated. This product includes software developed by Ravikanth. This product includes software developed by RiscBSD. This product includes software developed by Roar Thronaes. This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes. This product includes software developed by Roger Hardiman This product includes software developed by Rolf Grossmann. This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey. This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram. This product includes software developed by Scott Stevens. This product includes software developed by Shingo WATANABE. This product includes software developed by Softweyr LLC, the University of California, Berkeley, and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Stephan Thesing. This product includes software developed by Steven M. Bellovin This product includes software developed by Takashi Hamada. This product includes software developed by Takumi Nakamura. This product includes software developed by Tatoku Ogaito for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Tommi Komulainen . This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH. This product includes software developed by Trimble Navigation, Ltd. This product includes software developed by Waldi Ravens. This product includes software developed by WIDE Project and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies, Inc. This product includes software developed by Yen Yen Lim and North Dakota State University This product includes software developed by Zembu Labs, Inc. This product includes software developed by the Alice Group. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engineering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Laboratory at the Univer- sity of Utah. This product includes software developed by the Harvard University and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Kungliga Tekniska Hoegskolan and its con- tributors. This product includes software developed by the Network Research Group at Lawrence Berke- ley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.OpenSSL.org/) This product includes software developed by the PocketBSD project and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD kernel team This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD team. This product includes software developed by the SMCC Technology Development Group at Sun Microsystems, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berke- ley Laboratories. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berke- ley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berke- ley Laboratory and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricul- tural College and Garrett A. Wollman. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricul- tural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Labo- ratory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Urbana-Champaign Independent Media Center. This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Allegro Networks, Inc., and Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Bernd Ernesti. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Eiji Kawauchi. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Genetec Corporation. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Kyma Systems LLC. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Piermont Information Systems Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Shigeyuki Fukushima. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by SUNET, Swedish Univer- sity Computer Network. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera International, Inc. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA. This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Similar operating sys- tems" includes mainly non-profit oriented sys- tems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU). The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html. This notice shall appear on any product containing this material. In the following statement, "This software" refers to the parallel port driver: This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, Tele- Muse. Some files have the following copyright: Mach Operating System Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon University All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify and dis- tribute this software and its documenta- tion is hereby granted, provided that both the copyright notice and this per- mission notice appear in all copies of the software, derivative works or modi- fied versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in support- ing documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULT- ING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Distribution@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Carnegie-Mellon University. All rights reserved. Author: Chris G. Demetriou Permission to use, copy, modify and dis- tribute this software and its documenta- tion is hereby granted, provided that both the copyright notice and this per- mission notice appear in all copies of the software, derivative works or modi- fied versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in support- ing documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS" CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Distribution@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright 1996 The Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its docu- mentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies. Stanford University makes no representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty. TThhee EEnndd NetBSD/ofppc 10.2 Epoch NetBSD/ofppc 10.2