Display Systems

Personal Information Tools

High-Efficiency Color Microdisplays

Large-Area Fiber-Optic Display Using Piezoelectric Shutters

A High-Speed Linear-Image Sensor with Integrated Poly-Si TFT Drivers

A Transparent Frontlighting System for Reflective-Type Displays

Brighter Backlights Using Highly Scattered Optical-Transmission Polymer

Color-LCD Backlight Inverter Utilizing Piezoelectric Ceramic Transformer

Crusader Integrated Day/Night Helmet Vision System for Tactical Ejection-Seat Aircraft

Recent Advances in ac Magnetic Helmet Tracking

Integration of Helmet-Mounted Display Systems with F-14/F-15 Aircrew, Crewstations, and Avionics/Weapon Systems

Integration of Helmet-Mounted Displays into Tactical Aircraft

Effects of Sensor Field Replication on Display Imagery

Teleproxemics: Ubiquitous Displays for Videoconferencing

Multiple-Viewing-Angle Projection-Display Technique for Videoconferencing

Development of Lenticular Stereoscopic Display System: Multiple Images for Multiple Viewers

An Eye-Contact Camera/Display System for Videophone Applications Using a Conventional Direct-View LCD

Motion-Picture Holography Using Liquid-Crystal Television Spatial Light Modulators

Time-Multiplexed Three-Dimensional Video Display

Stereoscopic Display System Using Backlight Distribution

Conversion of Two-Dimensional Images to Three Dimensions

A Stereoscopic Wide-Field-of-View Display for a Virtual-Space Teleconferencing System

InstantVision for Model Development and Immersive Interaction

A Virtual Trainer for the Hubble Space Mission

Ferroelectric Microdisplays Using Distortion-Compensated Pixel Layouts

A Microlens Array for Improved Optical Throughput in Helmet/Head-Mounted Displays

New Display Based on Rotating LEDs

The Image Access System: A Unique User Interface to Electronic Presentations



Personal Information Tools
S. Teramura, Y. Wada
Sharp Co., Ltd., Nara, Japan
full paper

Personal information tool (PIT) products require unique integration and packaging of several technologies. In addition, product applications impose new design requirements on these components. As the primary output device, the display is a key component. Design issues for displays in the perspective of market requirements will be reviewed by considering several recent PIT products



High-Efficiency Color Microdisplays
P. Alvelda
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
full paper

A small display with high optical efficiency has been built using inherently low-cost processing and materials. These color microdisplays have been constructed with conventionally fabricated CMOS active substrates laminated with polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal (PDLC) materials. Color is generated by diffraction at pixel gratings, and intensity is modulated by voltages applied to the fixed pixel gratings to switch the PDLC material between scattering and transparent configurations.



Large-Area Fiber-Optic Display Using Piezoelectric Shutters
J.-P. Vanderreydt
Sunmetal Europe, Brussels, Belgium
full paper

An outdoor video display has been built from combinations of smaller modules. The modules are constructed from light shutters composed of strips of piezoelectric polymer film that cover or uncover the ends of optical fibers in response to command voltages. Screens of any size can be constructed from these modules with no visible internal borders.



A High-Speed Linear-Image Sensor with Integrated Poly-Si TFT Drivers
H. Sekine, H. Asada, I. Fujieda, K. Sera, H. Tanabe, F. Okumura, S. Kaneko
NEC Corp., Kawasaki, Japan
full paper

An integrated contact-type linear-image sensor with poly-Si TFT drivers has been built for use in compact and low-cost facsimile machines and image scanners. The 400-dpi sensor utilizes a new single-phase-clock poly-Si TFT driver fabricated with a low-temperature process utilizing excimer-laser annealing. The maximum operating speed for the 1728-bit driver is more than 4 MHz at a supply voltage of 12 V.



A Transparent Frontlighting System for Reflective-Type Displays
C. Y. Tai, H. Zou, P.-K. Tai
Clio Technologies, Inc., Holland, OH
full paper

A transparent lighting system has been developed for illuminating flat panel displays for all weather application. The system is composed of a light collimating section and a light pipe with microprisms to reflect light only towards one side of the light pipe. This lighting assembly can also include an optical compensator to eliminate image distortion.



Brighter Backlights Using Highly Scattered Optical-Transmission Polymer
A. Horibe, M. Izhuara, E. Nihei, Y. Koike
Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
full paper

A highly scattered optical-transmission polymer consisting of microscopic heterogeneous structures has been developed for use as the light source medium in thin backlights. The incident beam is efficiently converted to the homogeneous illumination by effective scattering from the heterogeneous structures. The polymer was applied to the LCD backlight resulting in a simpler system that is more than 50% brighter than in a conventional transparent PMMA-based backlight system.



Color-LCD Backlight Inverter Utilizing Piezoelectric Ceramic Transformer
S. Tagami, Y. Shimada, S. Kawashima, K. Isobe
NEC Corp., Electronic Component Development Division, Kawasaki, Japan
O. Ohnishi, T. Inoue
NEC Corp., Materials Development Center, Kawasaki, Japan
S. Hirose
Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan
full paper

The power inverter described here uses a separately excited oscillation circuit which was adopted to drive a piezoelectric transformer operating in the third-order longitudinal mode with high efficiency. The drive frequency is controlled by detecting the backlight current in order to adjust the backlight luminance properly. The fabricated power inverter exhibited an overall efficiency of 80 % at 3.3 V CD input and an output power of 3 W which is enough power to light up a 9.4 inches color LCD. The inverter is very compact and for applications in notebook-type personal computers.



Crusader Integrated Day/Night Helmet Vision System for Tactical Ejection-Seat Aircraft
W. M. Aspin
GEC-Marconi, Edinburgh, Scotland
A. Shepherd
Pilkington Optronics, Ltd., Wales, U.K.
W. L. Epperson
Gentex Corp., Carbondale, PA
full paper

The integration of night-vision and helmet display elements into a unique two-part helmet configuration enables an ejection-safe binocular day/night helmet display under 4.5 lbs. Video conversion of the night-vision image and dual holographic lens visor projection are discussed. Preliminary model mass properties, windblast and impact validation test results are reviewed.



Recent Advances in ac Magnetic Helmet Tracking
H. F. Murry
Polhemus, Inc., Colchester, VT
full paper

The development of digital signal processor (DSP) based head tracker technology and associated digital filtering has led to tracker stability, improved accuracy and self calibration. Sophisticated algorithms now becoming practical with DSPs and other superchip processors result in greater distortion insensitivity in the cockpit or other confined areas. Results of moving seat compensation development and flight validation in a recent fighter jet are reviewed.



Integration of Helmet-Mounted Display Systems with F-14/F-15 Aircrew, Crewstations, and Avionics/Weapon Systems
B. Foote
Kaiser Electronics, San Jose, CA
D. Wilkins
McDonnell Douglas Aerospce, St. Louis, MO
full paper

A set of joint-Service demonstration/validation efforts to integrate helmet-mounted displays into F-14 and F-15 aircraft are described. Aircrew integration results on helmet fit/comfort, field-of-view size trade-offs, and helmet interface/disconnect implementation are presented. Cockpit and mission systems-integration issues are discussed



Integration of Helmet-Mounted Displays into Tactical Aircraft
P. King
McDonnell Douglas Aerospce, St. Louis, MO
full paper

Simulator and flight investigations of helmet-mounted displays integrated into F/A-18 aircraft and its mission/weapon systems, including high off-baresight missiles, are discussed from an airframer's point of view. Lessons learned in aircraft avionics/weapon system integration, ejection safety, and aircrew interface are reviewed.



Effects of Sensor Field Replication on Display Imagery
R. H. Vollmerhausen, T. H. Bui
U.S. Army Night Vision & Electronic Sensors Directorate, Ft. Belvoir, VA
full paper

Flight experiments conducted to determine the differences in flight performance between two approaches for displaying sensor imagery are described. With sensor data collection at 30 Hz, field replication to display at 60 Hz is compared with "matched" 30 Hz display-rate presentation. Results/criteria for heat-tracked pilotage systems with dynamic imagery are discussed.



Teleproxemics: Ubiquitous Displays for Videoconferencing
D. Travis
Centre for Human Communications, BT Laboratories, Ipswich, U.K.
full paper

An electronic meeting room has been designed where visual displays are ubiquitous. Visual information is displayed all around the viewer, allowing him to interact as if he were actually in the conference room.



Multiple-Viewing-Angle Projection-Display Technique for Videoconferencing
T. Masumori, K. Uehira, S. Sakai
NTT Interdisciplinary Research Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan
full paper

A 50 in. projection display for videoconferencing that changes the image depending on the viewing angle has been developed. Based on visual field control, it projects multiple images of participants taken from different angles onto a directional screen consisting of a directional diffusion plate and a lens.



Development of Lenticular Stereoscopic Display System: Multiple Images for Multiple Viewers
K. Omura, S. Shiwa, F. Kishino
ATR Communication Systems Research Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan
full paper

A 100-inch lenticular stereoscopic display system has been developed. Multiple viewers can simultaneously observe their own images with motion parallax according to their eye positions. Viewable areas of this system are extended by introducing eye position tracking that uses an infrared illuminated stereo measurement method.



An Eye-Contact Camera/Display System for Videophone Applications Using a Conventional Direct-View LCD
R. V. Kollarits, C. Woodworth, J. F. Ribera, R. D. Gitlin
AT&T Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ
full paper

An eye-contact display and camera system for video telephony is described in which a video camera looks through a conventional active matrix LCD. By removing the rear polarizer from the display, the camera can look through the display without seeing the information on the display. Display/camera multiplexing and color are achieved via a polarized projection illumination system. Color triads are projected through the LCD onto a PDLC shutter that acts as a switchable screen.



Motion-Picture Holography Using Liquid-Crystal Television Spatial Light Modulators
N. Hashimoto, S. Morokawa
Citizen Watch Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
full paper

Liquid crystal television spatial light modulators (LCTV-SLM) are suitable devices for displaying motion picture holography. A system which employes a CCD device to read a hologram which is transmitted displayed on a LCTV-SLM illuminated with collimated laser light has been developed. 3-D holographic images can be recorded and reconstructed electrically in real time. Because of the spatial frequency and its bandwidth are very low, the present system is unsuitable for human stereo viewing; however, system contains the fundamental components for holographic TV system.



Time-Multiplexed Three-Dimensional Video Display
A. R. L. Travis, S. R. Lang, J. R. Moore, N. A. Dodgson
Cambridge University, Cambridge, U.K.
full paper

A 3-D direct view video display system with a wide field of view has been developed. The system uses a high-speed CRT and field-synchronized switching optics using a linear array of FLC shutter elements to present 16 different angular views in a field-sequential mode.



Stereoscopic Display System Using Backlight Distribution
S. Omori, J. Suzuki, S. Sakuma
Terumo Corp., Kanagawa, Japan
full paper

A stereoscopic display system has been built using a specially designed backlight system. Using a "time-parallel" technique images on two separate LCD panels are optically combined. Images can be seen simultaneously by many viewers without special glasses and are not affected by the viewer's motion.



Conversion of Two-Dimensional Images to Three Dimensions
H. Murata, T. Okino, T. Iinuma, S. Yamashita, S. Tanase, K. Terada, K. Kanatani
Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
full paper

Two-dimensional images can be converted to three dimensions by using a modified time difference (MTD) methodology. The illusion of binocular parallax is created by delaying the image of a moving object between the user's eyes. The conversion system has been implemented into a single LSI for compactness and cost reduction.



A Stereoscopic Wide-Field-of-View Display for a Virtual-Space Teleconferencing System
S. Shiwa, F. Kishino
ATR Communication Systems Research Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan
full paper

A wide field of view display for virtual space teleconferencing has been constructed by joining two rear projection displays at an angle of 120 degrees. The seam of the two screens is very thin for good stereoscopic fusion. The usefulness of the display has been confirmed through real network cooperative experiments.



InstantVision for Model Development and Immersive Interaction
M. A. Wingfield, J. R. Leger
The MITRE Corp., Bedford, MA
full paper

A virtual environment should not only represent the physical world with a high degree of object fidelity but also provide a natural and intuitive set of user interfaces. An integrated suite of applications and services that provide the user with extensive rapid modeling capabilities and and interactive, immersive environment for object manipulation has been developed. Issues associated with rapid modeling, immersive user interfaces, hardware technologies, and applications within the virtual environment are discussed.



A Virtual Trainer for the Hubble Space Mission
R. Bowen-Loftin
University of Houston, Houston, TX
full paper

Virtual Environments (VEs) have the potential to significantly enhance the training of NASA astronauts and ground-based personnel for a variety of activities. At the same time this technology offers significant cost savings and increased training throughput. Issues being explored include the use of VEs to replicate features of microgravity environments that are not available in ground-based simulators, the degree of fidelity needed for effective training, the addition of haptic (tactile, force, temperature) feedback to VEs, and the feasibility of using VEs on orbit for "just-in-time training" and mission planning. The results of the use of virtual environments for training the Hubble Space Telescope Repair and Maintenance Mission flight team are discussed. In addition, progress on the development of shared virtual environments for training are presented.



Ferroelectric Microdisplays Using Distortion-Compensated Pixel Layouts
P. Alveda, T. F. Knight, Jr.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
full paper

A series of high-performance liquid-crystal on silicon microdisplays suitable for portable virtual imaging applications has been developed. A VLSI layout compiler was used to compensate for the distortion of optical systems, include display driving circuitry in an integrated display/driver chip and decrease aliasing due to limited pixel resolution.



A Microlens Array for Improved Optical Throughput in Helmet/Head-Mounted Displays
D. A. Ansley
Hughes Training, Inc., Herndon, VA
B. H. Chang
Hughes Electro-Optical Systems, El Segundo, CA
E. J. Gratrix
Hughes Danbury Optical Systems, Danbury, CT
full paper

Subtractive color displays offer the advantage of superimposed red, green, and blue color pixels. However, at resolutions of 1000 pixels per inch diffraction becomes significant. A microlens array for increasing the optical throughput in helmet/head-mounted displays, resulting in increased brightness is discussed. The optical thruput with and without microlens arrays has been calculated as a function of thickness between adjacent AMLCD layers, pixel aperture, wavelength, and source size.



New Display Based on Rotating LEDs
J. Gur
Gur Optics and Systems, Ltd., Tel-Aviv, Israel
full paper

A new flat-panel color display technology based on rotating linear LED arrays has been developed. Feasibility models have been built to demonstrate this concept. Prototype design issues such as brightness, pixel refresh rate, data processing, Cartesian to polar transformation, and visual considerations are discussed.



The Image Access System: A Unique User Interface to Electronic Presentations
J. Kennedy
3M Visual Systems Division, Austin, TX
full paper

The image access system (IAS) is designed to allow its users to access computer images by simply inserting a small card into the compact IAS reader. The card contains a reduced version of the computer image to be accessed, the presenters notes, and a barcode the identifies the image to be accessed. When the card is inserted in the IAS Reader, the barcode is read and transmitted to a receiver that is connected to the serial port of a computer that has the image stored on it's hard drive. That image is then displayed on the computers screen.